Urinary tract infections (UTIs) represent a significant cause of morbidity and emergency ward visits globally, including at Ziaeean Hospital in Tehran. This literature review synthesizes recent, freely accessible studies from 2022 to 2025, both globally and within Iran, to examine the causative microorganisms, treatment strategies, patient outcomes, and antibiotic resistance patterns associated with UTIs. Escherichia coli emerges as the predominant pathogen, accounting for 50–70% of uncomplicated UTIs worldwide and 54% of community-acquired cases in southern Iran, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecalis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in complicated cases. Treatment efficacy varies with resistance profiles, with Nitrofurantoin and Amikacin showing low resistance (8% and 15%, respectively) in Iran, while Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole exhibits high resistance (62%). Globally, multidrug-resistant (MDR) UTI pathogens range from 20–40%, driven by overuse of antibiotics like fluoroquinolones and cephalosporins. Patient outcomes are generally favorable with timely therapy, though emergency settings report elevated risks, including a 7.7% fatality rate for hospital-acquired UTIs in Iran, rising to 20.6% in ICUs. This review highlights the critical need for rapid, resistance-informed treatment strategies in emergency wards like Ziaeean Hospital and provides a global and regional foundation for further investigation into local UTI epidemiology and management.